Both parties have an interest in determining if there is in fact an employment relationship between the employer and individual providing service. If there is no employment relationship, then the Employment Standards Act (ESA) does not apply. For employers, this means that they are not liable for wrongful dismissal or other obligations that otherwise would apply under the ESA. Conversely, individuals providing service have an interest in establishing the existence of an employment relationship to make a wrongful dismissal claim in the appropriate situation.

How to Establish Whether There is an Employment Relationship

The relation between an individual providing service for an organization may be ambiguous at times – an example includes long-term contracted employees. The tests developed by the courts were established overtime and are used to analyze the fundamental nature of the employment relationship, and ultimately whether there can be a wrongful dismissal claim. The four tests below are not used in isolation by the courts; the courts will apply all relevant factors. As such, the question of whether there is an employment relationship can be complex and warrant the expertise of a legal expert. The tests below are not comprehensive and are meant to serve as a general guide.

The Control Test

The control test views the essence of the employment relationship being a question of control over the work performed. The most important aspects of this test include the discretion over payment, the control over the timing, type and manner of work, and disciplinary power. If the individual is subject to a high degree of control over the duties being performed, terms of payment and discipline imposed by those receiving the service, this is indicative of an employment relationship.

The Fourfold Test

In the case of professional or highly skilled individuals, the control test may not truly capture the essence of the employment relations as skilled employees tend to have more autonomy and control over their work. The fourfold test seeks to determine the owner of the business. Likewise, the test analyses the degree of control the employer has over the work, the ownership of tools, who stands to make a profit, and conversely, who is at risk of a loss. Generally, if the employer owns the tool and equipment and bears most of the risk for a loss, then this is indicative of an employment relationship.

The Organization Test

This test is usually a last resort used in conjunction with some of the factors in the control or fourfold test when no clear answer is rendered. This test seeks to establish whether the individual’s services are fundamental to the business or if the individual is dependent upon the organization as their main source of income. It is used as a broad overview in determining whether an employment relationship exists.

The Permanency Test

This test is most appropriate for contract employees and seeks to establish the overall stability of the relationship. Indicators of an employment relationship include the employer providing training, selecting the individual for employment rather than having a staffing agency make the placement, and continued supervision. In such instances, a long-term contracted individual may be seen as an employee rather than a contract worker.